The Neo-Freudians and Their Theories

The Neo-Freudians and Their Theories Theories Personality Psychology Print Who Were the Neo-Freudians? By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on September 23, 2019 10000 Hours / Getty Images More in Theories Personality Psychology Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology Neo-Freudian psychologists were thinkers who agreed with many of the fundamental tenets of Freuds psychoanalytic theory but changed and adapted the approach to incorporate their own beliefs, ideas, and opinions. Psychologist Sigmund Freud proposed many ideas that were highly controversial, but also attracted a number of followers. Many of these thinkers agreed with Freuds concept of the unconscious mind and the importance of early childhood. There were, however, a number of points that other scholars disagreed with or directly rejected. Because of this, these individuals went on to propose their own unique theories of personality. Neo-Freudian Disagreements With Freud There are a few different reasons why these neo-Freudian thinkers disagreed with Freud. For example, Erik Erikson believed that Freud was incorrect to think that personality was shaped almost entirely by childhood events. Other issues that motivated neo-Freudian thinkers included: Freuds emphasis on sexual urges as a primary motivatorFreuds negative view of human natureFreuds belief that personality was shaped entirely by early childhood experiencesFreuds lack of emphasis on social and cultural influences on behavior and personality Many of the neo-Freudians felt that Freuds theories focus too heavily on psychopathology, sex, and childhood experiences. Instead, many of them chose to focus their theories on more positive aspects of human nature as well as the social influences that contribute to personality and behavior. While the neo-Freudians may have been influenced by Freud, they developed their own unique theories and perspectives on human development, personality, and behavior. Major Neo-Freudian Thinkers There were a number of neo-Freudian thinkers who broke with the Freudian psychoanalytic tradition to develop their own psychodynamic theories. Some of these individuals were initially part of Freuds inner circle including Carl Jung and Alfred Adler. Carl Jung Freud and Jung once had a close friendship, but Jung broke away to form his own ideas. Jung referred to his theory of personality as analytical psychology, and he introduced the concept of the collective unconscious. He described this as a universal structure shared by all members of the same species containing all of the instincts and archetypes that influence human behavior. Jung still placed great emphasis on the unconscious, but his theory placed a higher emphasis on his concept of the collective unconscious rather than the personal unconscious. Like many of the other neo-Freudians, Jung also focused less on sex than did Freud.? Alfred Adler Adler believed that Freuds theories focused too heavily on sex as the primary motivator for human behavior. Instead, Adler placed a lesser emphasis on the role of the unconscious and a greater focus on interpersonal and social influences. His approach, known as individual psychology, was centered on the drive that all people have to compensate for their feelings of inferiority. The inferiority complex, he suggested, was a persons feelings and doubts that they do not measure up to other people or to societys expectations. A Biography of Alfred Adler Erik Erikson While Freud believed that personality was mostly set in stone during early childhood, Erikson felt that development continued throughout life. He also believed that not all conflicts were unconscious. Many were conscious and the result, he thought, from the developmental process itself. Erikson de-emphasized the role of sex as a motivator for behavior and instead placed a much stronger focus on the role of social relationships. His eight-stage theory of psychosocial development concentrates on a series of developmental conflicts that occur throughout the lifespan, from birth until death. At each stage, people face a crisis that must be resolved to develop certain psychological strengths. The 8 Stages of Psychosocial Development Karen Horney Horney was one of the first women trained in psychoanalysis, and she was also one of the first to criticize Freuds depictions of women as inferior to men. Horney objected to Freuds portrayal of women as suffering from penis envy. Instead, she suggested that men experience womb envy because they are unable to bear children. Her theory focuses on how behavior was influenced by a number of different neurotic needs. A Word From Verywell While both Freudian and neo-Freudian ideas have largely fallen out of favor, they did play a role in shaping the history of the field of psychology. Neo-Freudian ideas also contributed to the development of other theories of psychology that often focused on things such as personal and social development.

The Problem With Mass Incarceration - 1445 Words

The Problem with Mass Incarceration Over the past few decades, the United States has witnessed a huge surge in the number of individuals in jail and in prison. Evidence suggests the mass imprisonment policy from the last 40 years was a horrible catastrophe. Putting more people in prison not only ruined lives, it disrupted families, prevented ex-prisoners to find housing, to get an education, or even a good job. Regrettably, the United States has a higher percent of its population incarcerated than any other country. America is responsible for a quarter of the world’s inmates, and its incarceration rate is increasing exponentially. The expense produced by these overcrowded prisons cost the country a substantial amount of money every year. Although people are incarcerated for a number of reasons, the country’s prisons are focused on punishment rather than reform, and the result is a misguided system that fails to rehabilitate criminals or discourage crime. By researchin g mass incarceration, I hope to get society to understand that incarcerating an individual not only effects the family, but we will look at the long term consequences on society and how the United States can remain safe and, at the same time, undo much of the damage that results from large-scale imprisonment. Incarceration is the act of placing someone in prison, it also aids as a punishment for offenders due to their actions against the law. Furthermore, by locking people up itShow MoreRelatedThe Problem Of Mass Incarceration Essay1780 Words   |  8 PagesMass incarceration has been an ongoing problem in America that became prevalent in the 1960s and still continues today. The reason this mass incarceration is such a crisis in our country is because it has been ripping apart the family and impacting all those involved. This epidemic affects those of every race, but more specifically, African Americans. Many researchers attribute this prison boom to police officers cracking down o n crime, but only focusing on the inner city which is often times itRead MoreThe Social Problem Of Mass Incarceration Of Minority Groups1753 Words   |  8 Pagesfocus specifically on the social problem of mass incarceration of minority groups and how the criminal justice system targets these groups. Although this social problem can be linked to specifically African Americans, the impacts of mass incarceration can be felt by almost everyone. I have chosen three articles that focus on how the criminal justice system is masking mass imprisonment a major problem in minority communities. Addressing Racial Disparities in Incarceration by Marc Mauer describes the currentRead MoreMass Incarceration : A Major Problem Within The United States1695 Words   |  7 PagesMass incarceration has recently become a major problem within the United States. 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To show thatRead MoreCriminals Must Be Punished For Breaking The Laws Of The Land1489 Words   |  6 Pagesthe system of incarceration. Jails have functioned in our society to protect citizens, or those who obey the constitution. For years, our jails were able to separate criminals from obedient citizens as well as punish criminals for their wrong doings. In the past, people have questioned whether this system was effective or not. Now, we have shifted our focus onto how much longer our jails will exist due to our lack of resources. The longer we wait to find a solution to mass incarceration the harder theRead MoreMass Incarceration Is Defined As The Imprisonment Of A Large Amount Of People1439 Words   |  6 PagesAt the simplest level, mass incarceration is defined as the imprisonment of a large amount of people. However, that does not tell the whole sto ry. The majority of people incarcerated are minorities, and although mass incarceration began as a system of unjust racial and social control, today it continues for many political reasons including government grants, swaying voter opinion, and for-profit prison revenue. The United States incarcerates more people, per capita, than any other nation in theRead MoreThe Political And Economic Factors Of The War On Drugs872 Words   |  4 Pagesuncovers the system of mass incarceration: a system comprised of laws, rules, policies, and customs that control criminals both in and out of prison. The greatest instigator of mass incarceration is the War on Drugs. Rather than combat drug activity, the War on Drugs has served as a deliberate strategy to control people of color and remove them from the political process, which is racist in both application and design. Alexander suggests that the War on Drugs and mass incarceration constitute a rebirthRead MoreMass Incarceration During The United States1322 Words   |  6 PagesMonroe Craver Mrs. Gallos English 3 Honors 30 March 2017 Mass Incarceration in the United States There are too many people in prison in our country and any people in prison today are non-violent drug offenders. The American war on drugs has targeted people in poverty and minorities, who are more likely to be involved in drug use. This has created a pattern of crime and incarceration and â€Å"...[a] connection between increased prison rates and lower crime is tenuous and small.† (Wyler). The prisonRead MoreThe Division Of Our Society : Exploring Mass Imprisonment1737 Words   |  7 Pages Mass Incarceration The Division of Our Society: Exploring Mass Imprisonment Pamela D. Jackson WRIT 130: Research Paper Professor Jane Campanizzi-Mook September 11th 2015 ABSTRACT Prison is unfortunately big business in the United States and our society is paying the ultimate cost and there is only one system being rewarded. More than often we do not put much emphasis on the prison system in its entirety. It is a fairly simple concept to most Americans that if you commit a crime or ifRead More The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness, by Michelle Alexander1182 Words   |  5 PagesThe New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness is a book by Michelle Alexander, a civil rights litigator and legal scholar. The book discusses race-related issues specific to African-American males and mass incarceration in the United States. Michelle Alexander (2010) argues that despite the old Jim Crow is death, does not necessarily means the end of racial caste (p.21). In her book â€Å"The New Jim Crow†, Alexander describes a set of practices and social discourses that serve to

Rudolf Gaudio s Allah Made Us - 1571 Words

Rudolf Gaudio’s Allah Made Us tells the story of how sexual outlaws and Islamic sociocultural norms coexisted and produced a complex sociolinguistic world in Kano and other cities in Northern Nigeria, a Muslim West African region. Once a center of Islamic emirates, interreligious interaction and a cultural hub, the advent of British colonialism and Islamic revivalism facilitated the growth of an intolerant environment in Nigeria, operating as a kind of â€Å"modernistic moralism† that disorganized bori (spirit possession) practices and marginalized a once thriving sexual community known as ‘yan daudu (p. 9). The broader argument throughout Gaudio’s book is that sociolinguistic practices— so often framed as insignificant identity markers to shape cultural or sexual citizenships— are integral to both. The result is an intervention to how we understand the relationship between gendered language and non-normative identities in Northern Nigeria, a nd a narrative of how the political potential of language, often understood as neutral, is deeply embedded as â€Å"a medium of social participation and an object of criticism and control† (p. 8). Beyond providing a rich, vivid ethnography of ‘yan daudu, the book also traces how moral purification and subcultures shape possibilities in present-day Nigeria. Gaudio’s account begins in 1993, when he first encountered ‘yan daudu, a community of men, who are characterized by feminine mannerisms and/or homosexual practices and desires (p. 19).

Sibling Conflict Free Essays

Conflict happens all the time, even in our family. Perhaps it is no big deal and has little effect on us. As everyone disagrees with each other from time to time the occasional conflict is part of living with brothers and sisters. We will write a custom essay sample on Sibling Conflict or any similar topic only for you Order Now I am curious about such friction. It has happened regularly during my childhood. I think that conflict between siblings happens in other families. The cause for conflict varies. In my opinion, one such cause is age difference. Once, when I was in secondary school, my younger sister and I shared a bedroom. She’s 7 years younger than me. Her toys were scattered everywhere aroudnt the room. I always had to tidy up every night before she went to bed. I had to read her a story. I did not like doing it. But, if I had not done so, she would have cried and bothered me. Plus, we could not bear one another. We used to quarrel about petty things. Conflict happens when one person is not satisfied with the other, but it has significant effect to sisterhood and family sentiment. After quarreling, we did not talk so much. We were very angry and hated each other by that time. Now things are better. We understand that it is silly to quarrel over little things. The relationship between my younger sister and I is now strong. Instead of quarreling my maturity helps me to work things out. So, when conflict happens: learn to control your anger; determine what it is you are really disagreeing about; call a family conference. If you are in the right, your parents will support you. Conflict is a part of living and sibling conflicts do happen in a family. It will be less confrontational if you can control your feelings and know how to behave with your sibling. How to cite Sibling Conflict, Papers

Piano Man Returns To Boston Garden free essay sample

Piano Man Returns to Boston Garden It was eight oclock on a Monday, and the regular crowd shuffled in. But it wasnt until 8: 20 that Billy Joel took the stage for the final Boston appearance in his 1993 River of Dreams tour. It was worth the wait. If you didnt know better, you might think that Billy Joel came to town to promote his greatest hits album; because if you were lucky enough to get tickets to one of the three sold-out shows, thats what you were treated to. The piano man opened big on the 14th (only the second show of the tour), and on the 20th he closed even bigger. For the third time, good evening, Boston. How the hell are ya? Last year we started the tour in Worcester. This year I thought wed start the tour downtown, said Joel, once again reaffirming his excitement to be back in the North End for the first time since the 70s. We will write a custom essay sample on Piano Man Returns To Boston Garden or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Throughout his two hours of stage work, Joel did everything from his best Bob Dylan impersonation to an opinion poll about his beard. Amid incredible lighting effects, Joel reeled off hits like Pressure, Allentown, and My Life, while mixing in a few tracks from his new album The River of Dreams. Joel even donned the accordion for a rendition of his Storm Front tune, The Downeaster Alexa. When I went to school, said Joel, if you took piano lessons, they beat the [ ] out of you, and if you played the accordion, theyd really kill you. But it was Joel who did the killing as the real show began when he slipped into a moving rendition of Goodnight Saigon complete with blasting helicopter sound effects, followed by We Didnt Start the Fire, an energetic You May Be Right, and a finale of the classic Only the Good Die Young. To no surprise, Joel came back for a two-song encore. Surprising, however was his rendition of the Elvis great All Shook Up for the first time in over a year, before he moved into an antics-filled performance of Big Shot. Just moments after he said his second good-bye, Joel returned to the stage for a final encore. The crowds anticipation erupted as Joel took the centerstage piano with harmonica in hand. Cleverly faking out the crowd, Joel began to play the first few lines of one of his less notable songs before stopping and breaking out into his masterpiece, Piano Man. The night could not have ended any better as the band fell silent upon the last chorus to hear 15,000 fans sing to Joel, Sing us a song, youre the piano man. Sing us a song tonight. For were all in the mood for a melody, and youve got us feeling all right. n Review by E. G., Framingham, MA

Nicomachean Ethics by Aristotle

Nicomachean Ethics by Aristotle Nicomachean Ethics is a collection of ten books authored by Aristotle. The Nicomachean Ethics book attempts to advance the understanding of ethics. As a matter of fact, both book one and two intensely explore the concept of moral virtues. In book one, Aristotle asserts that an individual can have certain moral virtues and lack others. He goes further to explain how the concept of ‘good’ is defined in human life (Bartlewtt and Collins 12). He claims that every pursuit, action, thought or enquiry should be aimed at achieving some good.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Nicomachean Ethics by Aristotle specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, the fact that there are many actions that people engage in, Aristotle argues that their ends are countless. Moreover, every individual carry out his or her activities where the end results are expected to be good, a factor that secures the highest end of human life (Paka luk 13). According to Aristotle, happiness is the supreme goodness of life. He notes that different people hold diverse opinions on what constitute happiness. There are those who argue that honor is the greatest benefit of human life. Therefore, Aristotle asserts that anything good is most likely to be impressive in the same manner. Nevertheless, there is a considerable diversity of things which people perceive as good. He concludes that anything that constitutes happiness is a virtue (Bartlewtt and Collins 15). In this case, for an individual to be considered good, he or she has to demonstrate some moral virtues. Aristotle divides the human soul into two distinct parts whereby one is rational and the other is irrational (Pakaluk 46). In this case, he will be able to display external goods characterized by pleasant and noble acts that bring happiness to others. Aristotle also argues that politics is the highest level of good since it cultivates dispositions that lead to noble action s. He confirms that an individual full of reason get to be happy since the person may act in accordance to reason (Bartlewtt and Collins 19). Apparently, virtuous individuals are able to endure external misfortunes and end up living a happy life that ignorant people. Aristotle concludes that happiness is the key principle that causes people to practice virtues such as confidence, respect, prudence and wisdom. In book II Aristotle discusses and defines how virtue should be understood. According to the author, there are two types of virtues namely intellectual and moral virtues. Aristotle comprehends that people are born with the potential for moral virtuousness and this is enhanced by constant practice. Therefore, ethical virtues are gained by habituation since we have the ability to cultivate and nurture them. For Aristotle, a good government should help its citizens to habituate virtuous acts and make them proper to every occasion (Bartlewtt and Collins 26).Advertising Look ing for essay on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Additionally, he laments that education can play vital role in making people take pleasure in good acts. Arguably, Aristotle declines the assumption that virtues and vices are feelings. He comments that the aspects are acquired through deliberate choices since they are natural. He suggest that though ethical virtues are determined by actions and feelings people should try to have the right feeling to act for the right purpose. Still on the argument, Aristotle identifies a crucial distinction between acting virtuously and being virtuous. He argues that one can only become virtuous after learning to behave virtuously (Pakaluk 46). However, he claims that since circumstances vary, there is no distinct rule to follow while exercising virtuousness. Instead, one can develop a mean policy between two extremes where one is excess and the other is scarce. As an example, Aristot le points of that the level of courage might vary depending on circumstances. Bartlewtt, Robert, and Susan Collins. Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics, Chicago, USA: Chicago University Press, 2011.Print. Pakaluk, Michael. Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics, New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2005.Print.

North Pacific Right Whale Facts

North Pacific Right Whale Facts The North Pacific right whale is a critically endangered species. Along with the North Atlantic right whale and the southern right whale, the North Pacific right whale is one of three species of living right whales in the world. All three species of right whale are similar in appearance; their genetic pools are distinct, but they are otherwise indistinguishable. Fast Facts: North Pacific Right Whale Scientific Name: Eubalaena japonicaAverage Length: 42–52 feet Average Weight: 110,000–180,000 pounds Lifespan: 50–70 years Diet: CarnivorousRegion and Habitat: Northern Pacific ocean  Phylum: ChordataClass: Mammalia Order: ArtiodactylaInfraorder: CetaceaFamily: BalaenidaeConservation Status: Critically endangered   Description North Pacific right whales are robust, with a thick blubber layer and a girth sometimes exceeding 60 percent of their body length. Their bodies are black with irregular patches of white, and their flippers are large, broad and blunt. Their tail flukes are very broad (up to 50 percent of their body length), black, deeply notched, and smoothly tapered. Southern right whale breaches the surface off Puerto Piramedies, Argentina. Paula Ribas / Getty Images Female right whales give birth once every 2 to 3 years, starting around age 9 or 10. The oldest known right whale was a female who lived at least 70 years. Calves are 15–20 ft (4.5–6 m) long at birth. Adult right whales range between 42–52 ft (13–16 m) in length on average, but they can reach over 60 ft (18 m). They weigh over 100 metric tons. About one-fourth to one-third of a right whales total body length is the head. The lower jaw has a very pronounced curve and the upper jaw has 200–270 baleen plates, each narrow and between 2–2.8 meters long, with fine fringing hair.   Whales are born with patchy irregular spots, called callosities, on their faces, lower lips, and chin, above the eyes and around the blowholes. The callosities are made of keratinized tissue. By the time a whale is several months old, its callosities are inhabited by whale lice: small crustaceans who clean and eat algae off the whales body. Each whale has an estimated 7,500 whale lice. Habitat North Pacific right whales are among the most endangered whale species in the world. Two stocks are known to exist: western and eastern. The western North Pacific right whale lives in the Sea of Okhotsk and along the western Pacific rim; scientists estimate there are about 300 of them left. The eastern North Pacific right whales are found in the eastern Bering Sea. Their current population is believed to be between 25 and 50, which might be too small to ensure its persistence.   North Pacific right whales migrate seasonally. They travel northward in spring to high-latitude summer feeding grounds, and southward in fall for breeding and calving. In the past, these whales could be found from Japan and northern Mexico northward to the Sea of Okhotsk, the Bering Sea and the Gulf of Alaska; today, however, they are rare.   Diet North Pacific right whales are baleen whales, meaning that they use baleen (toothlike bone plates) to filter out their prey from sea water. They forage almost exclusively on zooplankton, tiny animals that are weak swimmers and prefer to drift with the current in massive groups. North Pacific right whales prefer large calanoid copepods- are crustaceans about the size of a grain of rice- but they will also eat krill and larval barnacles. They consume whatever gets picked up by the baleen.   Feeding takes place in the spring. In higher latitude feeding grounds, North Pacific right whales locate large surface patches of zooplankton, then swim slowly (about 3 miles per hour) through the patches with their mouths wide open. Each whale needs between 400,000 and 4.1 million calories each day, and when the patches are dense (about 15,000 copepods per cubic meter), whales can fulfill their daily needs in three hours. Less dense patches, around 3,600 per cm3, require a whale to spend 24 hours feeding in order to meet their caloric needs. The whales will not forage on densities below 3,000 per cm3.  Ã‚   Although most of their visible feeding takes place near the surface, the whales can dive also deeply to forage (between 200–400 meters below the surface). Adaptationsand Behavior Scientists believe that right whales use a combination of memory, matrilineal teaching, and communication to navigate between feeding and wintering grounds.  They also use an array of tactics to find plankton concentrations, relying on water temperatures, currents, and stratification to locate new patches. Right whales produce a variety of low-frequency sounds described by researchers as screams, moans, groans, belches, and pulses. The sounds are high amplitude, meaning they are detectable across long distances, and most range below 500 Hz, and some as low as 1,500–2,000 Hz. Scientists believe that these vocalizations may be contact messages, social signals, warnings or threats.  Ã‚   Throughout the year, right whales create surface active groups. In these groups, a lone female vocalizes a call; in response, up to 20 males surround her, vocalizing, leaping from the water, and splashing their flippers and flukes. There is little aggression or violence, nor are these behaviors necessarily connected with courtship routines. Whales only breed at certain times of the year, and females give birth in their wintering grounds nearly synchronously. Sources Gregr, Edward J., and Kenneth O. Coyle. The Biogeography of the North Pacific Right Whale (Eubalaena japonica). Progress in Oceanography 80.3 (2009): 188–98.  Kenney, Robert D. Are Right Whales Starving? Right Whale News 7.2 (2000).  -. Right Whales: Eubalaena . Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals (Third Edition). Eds. Wà ¼rsig, Bernd, J. G. M. Thewissen and Kit M. Kovacs: Academic Press, 2018. 817–22.  glacialis, E. japonica, and E. australisÃ…  irovic, Ana, et al. North Pacific Right Whales (Eubalaena Japonica) Recorded in the Northeastern Pacific Ocean in 2013. Marine Mammal Science 31.2 (2015): 800–07.